Презентация, доклад Артикли в английском языке

You cannot use a/an with uncountable
nouns: sand salt pepper
But you can use a … of:
a drop of water a game of golf

You can use plural countable nouns
alone: I like plums.
Letters will be received.

You can use uncountable nouns
alone (without the/my/some etc.):
People need salt.
They still don’t have electricity.

You can use some and any with plural
countable nouns: I got some keys.
Did you see any birds outside?

You can use some and any with
uncountable nouns:
They gave some blood. We don’t have
any space left.

We use many and few with plural
countable nouns:
We didn’t have many pictures.
I have a few papers to sign.

We use much and little with
uncountable nouns:
We have much work to do.
They had a little petrol left.

?

I’m peeling the potatoes.
Sue baked a cake for David.
Nancy was eating an apple.
Someone threw a stone at the police.
There is a hair on your shirt.

Would you like some potato?
Have some cake!
Is there apple in this salad?
The house is built of stone.
I must brush my hair.

A sport or sport?

Rugby is a sport. (=a particular sport)
That’s a nice painting over there!
We heard a sudden noise outside.
John Lennon had an interesting life.

Do you like sport? (=sport in general)
Jim is good at painting.
Constant noise can make you ill.
Life is complicated sometimes.

Some nouns can be countable or uncountable.

Often the countable noun is specific, and the uncountable is more general.

I bought a paper. (=a newspaper)
I’ll have a glass of orange juice.
Have you got an iron? (for clothes)
I switched all the lights on.
I’ve been to France many times.
The journey was a great experience.
I run a small business. (a company)
We found a space in the car park.

I need some paper to write on.
I bought a piece of glass for the window.
The bridge is made of iron.
There’s more light by the window.
I can’t stop. I haven’t got time.
He has enough experience for the job.
I enjoy doing business. (buying and selling)
There is no space for the piano in here.

A coffee or coffee?

Two coffees, please.
Chianti is an Italian wine. (kind of wine)
The use of plastics has greatly increased.
(= the use of different kinds of plastic)

Coffee is more expensive than tea.
Wine is not served in McDonalds.

Some nouns can be countable or uncountable with different meanings.

Words for drinks are usually uncountable. But when we are ordering or offering drinks, we can say a cup of… or a … .
Some nouns can be countable when we are talking about a particular kind or about different kinds.

?

The goes both with
singular and plural
and uncountable nouns.
He needed the case.
(singular)
He needed the cases.
(plural)
He needed the luggage.
(uncountable)

When the story first mentions smth the noun has a or an.

But when the same thing is mentioned again, the noun has the.

We use the + noun or he/she/it when we know which one.
He didn’t return to the hotel.
The case contained clothes.

When there is only one thing in the context , we use the. We normally say:
the country, the earth, the environment, the government, the moon, the ozone layer, the Prime Minister, the sea, the sky, the sun, the weather, the cinema, the theatre, the newspaper, the police.

But we use the with a superlative.
It’s the biggest hotel in town.
This is the best photo.

?

We use plurals and uncountables with the with specific meaning:

Cars are expensive to buy.

The cars had both broken down.

We saw the elephants in the zoo.

Elephants are intelligent animals.

I don’t understand computers.

The computers crashed at work.

You always need money.

Mary put the money in her purse.

Oil is used in every machine around.

Look at the oil on your sweater.

?

We use plurals and uncountables with the with specific meaning:

This man went to prison two years ago.

The boy went to the prison to see his father.

The school is a mile from here.

School is over at half past three.

Steve is at college.
(He is a student there.)

The meeting was at the college.

David is in hospital.
(He is a patient.)

Melanie waited in the hospital for news.

Sue is going to church (to a service.)

We wanted to look round the church.

?

We use plurals and uncountables with the with specific meaning:

In bed, go to bed
(to rest or sleep)

Sit on the bed,
make the bed

In the house, to the house, in the home

At home, go home, come home, leave home

At sea (=sailing),
Go to sea (as a sailor)

On the sea, by the sea, at the seaside, on the coast

In town, go into town, leave town

The town center, the city, the village

At work, go to work, leave work

The office,
the factory

?

But we use a/an or the if there is a phrase or clause after Friday, lunch, etc.
It was the Friday before she went to Australia.
We normally use article if there is an adjective.
We had a good lunch.

Years, seasons, months.

I was born in 1986.
We play cricket in summer.
Winter always depresses me.
I will start the course
in September.

That was the year
I was born.
It was the winter of 1995
when things started to go
wrong for the company.

We had a wonderful
Christmas.
I started work here the
Easter before last.

Phrases of time are usually without a/an or the.
We are meeting on Friday for lunch.

But we use a/an or the if there is a phrase or clause after Friday, lunch, etc.
It was the Friday before she went to Australia.
We normally use article if there is an adjective.
We had a good lunch.

The storm was on the
Thursday of that week.
We went surfing at the
weekend.

Phrases of time are usually without a/an or the.
We are meeting on Friday for lunch.

But we use a/an or the if there is a phrase or clause after Friday, lunch, etc.
It was the Friday before she went to Australia.
We normally use article if there is an adjective.
We had a good lunch.

It’s warmer
in the day.
Someone got up in the night.
We’re meeting in the morning.
They arrived at the hotel in
the evening.
It was a beautiful sunset.
I couldn’t see in the
dark.

Phrases of time are usually without a/an or the.
We are meeting on Friday for lunch.

But we use a/an or the if there is a phrase or clause after Friday, lunch, etc.
It was the Friday before she went to Australia.
We normally use article if there is an adjective.
We had a good lunch.

But we use a/an or the if there is a phrase or clause after Friday, lunch, etc.
It was the Friday before she went to Australia.
We normally use article if there is an adjective.
We had a good lunch.

I’ll see you at breakfast.
We have supper at about 8.
I’m going out after lunch.

We had a quick breakfast.
The supper David cooked
was excellent.
The meal was very nice.

?

A/an goes before very, fairly, really etc.
It’s a very good house.
It’s a fairly long walk.
I made a really stupid mistake.

A/an is used after such in the meaning of so.
It was such an easy test. (the test was so easy)
It’s such a long time since I saw you.
The were such a lot of people.

In an exclamation we can use what a/an with
a singular noun.
What a good idea!

?

Continents

Africa

Europe

South America

Islands

Cyprus

Majorca

Rhode Island

Countries

Russia

Germany

Switzerland

States, regions

Alaska

Siberia

Central Africa

Cities, towns,
Suburbs, villages

Moscow

Helsinki

Los Angeles

Mountains, hills.

Everest

Etna

North Hill

The Netherlands, the USA, the Canary Islands (plurals)

Republic (the Irish republic), kingdom (the United Kingdom), federation (the Rus.Fed.)

The West, the Rivera, the Middle East, the Midlands, the South of France

Plural islands with “the” : the Bermuda Islands

The Hague, the Bronx, the West End of London

Hill ranges and mount ranges have the: the Alps, the Rockies

Lakes

Lake Michigan

Coniston Water

Stations, airports,
Important buildings

Waterloo
(station)

Orly (airport)

Merton college
Lambeth museum

Roads, streets,
Squares, parks

Morgan Rd,

Fifth avenue

Central park

Bridges

Tower Bridge

Brooklyn Bridge

Theatres, cinemas,
Hotels, galleries

possessives
St.Martin’s theater

In the US names with center
Lincoln center

Shops,
restaurants

Bloomingdale’s
(shopping center)

Matilda’s
restaurant

Exceptions: the High street, The Avenue, The Strand, The Mall

Main and numbered roads have “the”: the Bath road, the A5, the M6

Exceptions: the Golden Gate Bridge, the Severn Bridge (=the bridge over river Severn)

Exceptions with “of” or with a noun or adj.: the University of York, the White House

But: the Globe (theatre), the Plaza (cinema), the Dorchester (hotel), the Tate (gallery)

Exceptions: names with a noun the Body Shop, the Studio Cafe

Seas, oceans, rivers, canals have “the” (the Atlantic Ocean, the Thames, the Suez)

?