Презентация, доклад на тему Morphemes

functions in one of its forms.
The system showing a word in all its word-forms is called its paradigm. The lexical meaning of а word is the same throughout the paradigm .

clearly shows that a great many words have a composite nature and are made up of smaller units, each possessing sound-form and meaning. These are generally referred to as morphemes defined as the smallest indivisible two-facet language units.
Like a word a morpheme is a two-facet language unit, an association of a certain meaning with a certain sound-pattern. Unlike a word a morpheme is not an autonomous unit and can occur in speech only as a constituent part of the word.
Morphemes cannot be segmented into smaller units without losing their constitutive essence .
Identification of morphemes in various texts shows that morphemes may have different phonemic shapes.

the word is concerned all
English words fall into two large classes.

Class I belong segmentable words, i.e. those allowing of segmentation into morphemes, e.g. agreement, information, fearless .
Сlass II belong non-segmentable words, i.e. those not allowing of such segmentation, e.g. house, girl, woman, husband .

The degree of morphemic segment-ability is not the same for different words.

of a great many words the morphemic structure of which is transparent enough, as their individual morphemes clearly stand out within the word lending them easily to isolation.
Conditional morphemic segmentability characterises words whose segmentation into the constituent morphemes is doubtful for semantic reasons.
Defective morphemic segmentability is the property of words whose component morphemes seldom or never recur in other words. One of the component morphemes is a unique morpheme in the sense that it does not, as a rule, recur in a different linguistic environment.

root-morphemes and non-root or affixational morphemes. Roots and affixes make two distinct classes of morphemes due to the different roles they play in word-structure.
The root-morpheme is isolated as the morpheme common to a set of words making up a word-cluster, for example the morpheme teach-in to teach, teacher, teaching .
Non-root morphemes include inflectional morphemes or inflections and affixational morphemes or affixes.

Structurally morphemes fall into three types: free morphemes, bound morphemes, semi-free (semi- bound) morphemes.
A free morpheme is defined as one that coincides with the stem or a word-form.
A bound morpheme occurs only as a constituent part of a word.
Semi-bound (semi-free) morphemes are morphemes that can function in a morphemic sequence both as an affix and as a free morpheme.

be graphically presented in the following diagram:

polyradical

radical-suffixal
words

radical-prefixal words

prefixo-radical-suffixal

polyradical words which
consist of two or
more roots with no
affixational morphemes

words which contain
at least two roots
and one or more
affixational morphemes

cannot’ be
segmented into ICs

words which depend on
some other simpler
lexical items that
motivate them structurally
and semantically

affixes

derivational bases

derivational patterns

The relations between words with a common root but of different derivative
structure are known as derivative relations.
The derivative and derivative relations make
the subject of study at the derivational level of analysis;
it aims at establishing correlations between different types of words,
the structural and semantic patterns words are built on,
the study also enables one to understand how new words appear
in the language.

morphological
stems of different degrees
of complexity,
e.g. dutiful, dutifully

bases that coincide
with word-forms;
e.g. paper-bound,
unsmiling

bases that coincide with
word-grоups of different
degrees
of stability,
e ,g. second-rateness

motivated,
and are the results of the
application of word-formation rules

simple, which
consist of only one,
semantically nonmotivated
constituent

compound stems are always
binary and semantically motivated,
but unlike the derived stems
both ICs of compound stems
are stems themselves

of
various structure

word-groups or phrases

Semantically derivational affixes present a unity of lexical meaning and other types of meaning: functional, distributional and differential unlike non-derivational affixes which lack lexical meaning.

and the direction of motivation
between different classes of words

the part of speech
of the derivative

the lexical sets and semantic
features of derivatives.