Презентация, доклад по английскому языку Словообразование

Word Formation

any language is never stable, but is constantly changing, growing and decaying. The changes in the vocabulary of the language are due both to linguistic and extra-linguistic causes, which are determined by the social nature of the language. The intense development of science and technology has lately given birth to a great number of new words such as ‘computer’, ‘cyclotron’,’radar’, ‘psycholinguistics’, etc.; the conquest and research of outer space started by the Soviet people contributed words like ‘sputnik’, ‘lunokhod’,’babymoon’,’moon-car’,’spaceship’. It is significant that the suffix –nik occurring in the noun ‘sputnik’ is freely applied to new words of various kinds, e.g. ‘flopnik’,’mousenik’, ‘woofnik’,etc.

which govern their acceptance into the language, are generally taken very much for granted by the average speaker to understand a word, it is necessary to know how it is constructed, whether it is simple or complex, that is whether or not it can be broken down into two or more parts. We are able to use a word which is new to us when we find out what object or notion it denotes. Some words, of course, are more understandable than others.

pattern, we can easily guess the meaning of a word although there are lots of other words which look similar, for instance, unfashionable and unfavourable for which this analysis will not work. We accept as quite natural the fact that although we can use the verbs ‘to pipe’, ‘to drum’ and ‘to trumpet’, we cannot use the verbs ‘to piano’ and ‘to violin’.

is that even if you have an
excellent vocabulary, you know only a
small percentage of those words. The good
news, however, is that you can increase
your vocabulary throughout your life. The
even better news is that once you have
learnt a new word, it is yours for life. It will
always be stored away, ready to be recalled
the next time you have a conversation or
write a letter or composition.

‘titanic’ in the following
sentences. 1. The Titanic sank in
the North Atlantic on an April
night in 1912 after hitting an
iceberg. 2. The enemies were
locked in a titanic struggle. You
can tell from the first sentence
that Titanic is a ship and from the
second sentence that ‘titanic’
means “having great size, force
or power.

The context of a word is the sentence, the surrounding words, or the situation in which the word appears. There are several types of them. 1. Definition or restatement is defined in the sentence ,e.g. We read a collection of fables, short stories that teach a lesson. 2. The meaning of the word is made clear by the example, e.g. Bombay is a populous city; one way the Indian government has tried to ease the overcrowding there is to build a second Bombay . 3. Comparison. e.g. Joseph has always been amiable – almost as friendly as his older brother Mark. ( As introduces a comparison between Joseph’s disposition and that of his older brother.) 4. Contrast. e.g. The mayor’s popularity, soared to its highest point, but the city council’s dropped to its nadir. ( A contrast is drawn between the highest point of the mayor’s popularity and the lowest point, the nadir, of the city council’s.

are
constantly being added. English words come from many
sources. Some come from the dead language Latin, and
others come from ancient Greek. Knowing the words and
parts of words borrowed from Latin and Greek can help us
understand the meaning of many English words.In general,
English words are of two kinds:

those that can be analysed into smaller parts: untimely

those that cannot time, face, feel

made up of parts called

prefixes

roots

suffixes

They offer clues

to the meaning of the words.

A root

is the part of a word

that carries the basic meaning.

A prefix

is one or more syllables

placed in front

of the root to modify the meaning of the root

or to form a new word.

THEM MAY APPEAR IN HUNDREDS OF DIFFERENT WORDS. BECAUSE PREFIXES OFTEN HAVE MORE THAN ONE MEANING, THEY CAN BE HARD TO INTERPRET.

Prefixation

The main function of prefixes

is to change

the lexical meaning of the same part of speech.

There are 51 prefixes in the system of Modern English word formation.

Formation, while prefixation is mostly typical of verb formation. The distinction
also rests on the role different types of meaning play in the semantic structure
of the suffix and the prefix. The part-of-speech meaning has a much greater
significance in suffixes as compared to prefixes which possess it in a lesser
degree. Due to it, a prefix may be confined to one part of speech as, for example,
‘enslave’, ‘encage’, ‘unbutton’, or may function in more than one part of speech
as ‘over’ in ‘overkind, ‘overfeed’, ‘overestimation’. Unlike prefixes, suffixes as a
rule function in any one part of speech often forming a derived stem of a different
part of speech as compared with that of the base,
e.g.
Furthermore, it’s necessary to point out that a suffix closely knit together with a
base forms a fusion retaining less of its independence that a prefix which is as a
general rule more independent semantically, e.g. ‘reading’ –’the act of one who
reads’; and re-read –’to read again’.

Suffixation

careless - care; suitable - suit, etc.

some kind but don’t greatly alter the basic meaning of the word and those that, by being added, create new words. The endings are suffixes of the first kind. Grammatical suffixes are important in grammar, but in vocabulary we are more concerned with the second kind of suffixes – those that make new words – derivational suffixes.

Grammatical Derivational

-s, -ed, -ing

-ly,-ence,-ize,-hood

-ly,-ence,-ize,-hood

-ly,-ence,ize,-hood

of speech.

Classification of suffixes

Noun suffixes

mentioned. The stem is the part of the word
which remains unchanged throughout the paradigm
of the word. Stems have not only the lexical meaning but
also grammatical meaning. They can be noun stems, adjective
stems and verb stems. Sometimes it is rather difficult to
distinguish between simple and derived words, especially in
the cases of phonetic borrowings from other languages and
of native languages with blocked morphemes, e.g. “cranberry”,
“absence”,etc.

Roots

have one stress. The meaning of a compound
often differs from the meaning of its elements. Compounding
Is one of the productive types of word-formation in Modern
English. Compound words are inseparable vocabulary units.
They are formally and semantically dependent on the
constituent bases and the semantic relations between them
which mirror the relations between the motivating units.
The main types of compound nouns are as follows:

compounds

noun-stem + noun-stem:

noun-stem + noun- stem

apple-tree, snowball, newspaper

are a lot of

word combinations

of the type

price rise, wage freeze, steel helmet

, sand castle.

Grammarians can't come to the

conclusion whether adjectives can be

formed

by

means of conversion from nouns.

Abbreviations

The causes of shortening can be

linguistic and extra-linguistic.

Abbreviation doesn't change

the part-of-speech meaning.

Examples:prof =professor,

to rev = to revolve,comfy = comfortable.

named adjectives, though they can’t
be attributes in a sentence, and though their meaning
doesn’t seem to be that of property. The a- means on,
in or at. Statives are invariable. They often show a
temporary state rather than a permanent one. They
most usually follow a link-verb (was asleep) or they
can be used like a participle, but they can’t go before
the noun they modify. In the sentence a stative is most
usually a predicative (he fell asleep).

The statives

is highly productive in replenishing the English word-stock
with new words. This term refers to the numerous cases of words
belonging to different parts of speech. This may be illustrated by
the following cases: work – to work; love – to love; paper –
to paper. As a rule we deal with simple words. There is a certain
difference on the morphological level between various parts of
speech, mostly between nouns and verbs. What serves a word-
building means? The answer is a paradigm. As it is a morphologi
cal category, conversion can be described as a morphological
way of forming words.

Conversion

Blends are words formed from a word-group or two synonyms.
In blends two ways of word-building are combined: abbreviation
and composition. To form a blend we clip the end of the first
component and the beginning of the second component. As a
result we have a compound –shortened word. One of the first
blends in English was the word “smog” from two synonyms:
smoke and fog. Mostly blend are formed from a word-group:

Blends

cinemadict informecial slimnastics slanguist

dramedy faction medicare socialite

acromania chunnel megalog

slang linguist acromania – acronym mania chunnel – channel, canal megalog – magazine catalogue dramedy – drama comedy faction – fact fiction – fiction based on real facts medicare – medical care socialite – social elite