Презентация, доклад по английскому языку на тему Intonation

distinctive use of different patterns of pitch that carry meaningful information.

Pitch is the rate of vibration of the vocal folds. When we speak, normally the pitch of our voice is constantly changing. We describe pitch in terms of high and low.

We have a number of choices for saying these words using different pitch patterns.
The two words can be said with the pitch remaining at a constant level (level intonation) which is not common, or with the pitch changing from one level to another (moving intonation) which is more natural.
Moving Intonation:
Rising intonation means the pitch of the voice increases over time;
falling intonation means that the pitch decreases with time.

One-syllable utterance:

conveyed will be different. This difference is signaled by intonation patterns.
In English, such different intonation patterns have different syntactic functions. One sentence can be a question, a declarative statement, an expression of surprise, or an expression of doubt. Compare:
‘right?’ with a rising tone
and
‘right.’ with a falling tone
In English, the utterance ‘It is a cat’ will be regarded as a statement when there is a fall in pitch, and the same utterance will be regarded as a question if the pitch rises.

Syntactic Function

segmental phonology), i.e. syllables
Intonation : pitch of voice plays an important part; it is constantly changing during speech; analysing intonation refers to listening to the speaker´s pitch and recognising what it is doing

of the pitch scale)
Auditory sensation experienced by the hearer
We are not interested in all aspects of a speaker´s pitch, but in those that carry some linguistic information
Speakers have control over their own pitch of voice, and the possibility of choice (this may have linguistic significance)

control
Pitch differences must be perceptible (great enough to be heard by a listener as differences in pitch)
Significance in linguistics lies in contrasts (a set of items a unit contrasts with)

single syllable
A continuous piece of speech beginning and ending with a pause – utterance
One syllable utterances like “yes” and “no”
Even in one syllable words we can either remain at a constant pitch level or change it

pitch
It can be level or moving
The latter is more common
Level tone does not sound natural
When saying yes or no in a final manner, falling tone is usually used
Whereas for questioning rising tone is used (compare yes/no and yes/no?)

_yes
falling yes
rising yes
In this way we can also mark the high tone level and low tone level
This is not always the case for all languages i.e Chinese, where the tone can determine the meaning of the word in question _ma ma ma
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g2bHdXcszJ4

tone unit preceeding the first stressed syllable. They are found in two main environments:
When there is no head (i.e. no stressed syllable preceding the tonic syllable): in an hour
When there is a head, as in the following example: in a little less than an hour
pre-head head tonic syllable

tone unit are called the tail:
look at it what did you say
both of them were here
When it is necessary to mark a stress in a tail we use a dot (•):
what did you • say both of them were •here

attitudes:

Fall: neutral statement
Rise: neutral question, doubt
Fall-Rise: scepticism
Rise-Fall: emphatic statement
Level: boredom, disinterest

In ordinary speech intonation tends to take place within the lower part of the speaker´s pitch range. Only with strong feelings we use extra pitch height.

‘I have answered your question and do not intend to add anything else’)

lately?
Yes… (Rising intonation indicates ‘I want to continue the conversation, I am curious’)

room?
Yes!

party?
Yes!

consultant for our company in Taiwan? The other day in the office I invited him for dinner, he’ll be coming tomorrow.
Yes.

unit solely composed of a tonic syllable

‘I said’ is the pre-head

which is called the head. Notice how the intonation rises from the pre-head

the tail. Note how it tends to follow the intonation pattern of the tonic.

If we put the main stress on ‘told’, it changes the pattern completely

tail: here ‘when’ is the tonic syllable

following the tonic syllable: for a fall-rise the fall occurs on the tonic and the rise at the end of the tail

rise finishes on the last

symbols has been developed to denote innotation

want to go to the  dentist´s.

to go to the dentists to•morrow
•morning

dentists to•morrow
•morning Ive got a terrible toothache

tonic or nucleus might fall in each tone unit:
1. The first student to finish can go early
2. Sadly, Maurice has gone away
3. The person who was watching me left a ticket behind
4. Alan couldn't make it so Ken took his place