Презентация, доклад по английскому языку на тему: Tuberculosis

Лечебное дело
Дисциплина: Английский язык

Преподаватель: Аксёнов А.И.

г. Новопавловск, 2016 год

tuberculosis
Treatments for tuberculosis
Prevention of tuberculosis

Europe and North America, before the German microbiologist Robert Koch discovered the microbial causes of tuberculosis in 1882.

treatment led to the belief that the disease was almost defeated. Indeed, at one point the United Nations predicted that tuberculosis (TB) would be eliminated worldwide by 2025.

once more in the US and worldwide, so much so that in 1993 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that TB was a global emergency; the first time that a disease had been labelled as such.

Fortunately, with proper treatment almost all cases of tuberculosis are curable. Cases of TB have decreased in the US since 1993, but the disease remains a concern. Without proper treatment up to two-thirds of people ill with tuberculosis will die.

affects the lungs. It is the second greatest killer due to a single infectious agent worldwide, and in 2012, 1.3 million people died from the disease, with 8.6 million falling ill.

Doctors make a distinction between two kinds of tuberculosis infection: latent and active. In latent TB, the TB bacteria remain in the body in an inactive state. They cause no symptoms and are not contagious, but they can become active. In active TB, the bacteria do cause symptoms and can be transmitted to others.

to have latent TB. There is a 10% chance of latent TB becoming active TB, but this risk is much higher in people who have compromised immune systems, i.e. people living with HIV or malnutrition, or people who smoke.
TB affects all age groups and all parts of the world. However, the disease mostly affects young adults, and people living in developing countries.

is spread through the air when a person with TB (whose lungs are affected) coughs, sneezes, spits, laughs or talks.

catch. The chances of catching TB from someone you live or work with are much higher than from a stranger. Most people with active TB who have received appropriate treatment for at least two weeks are no longer contagious.

some strains have become resistant to drugs. Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) arises when an antibiotic fails to kill all of the bacteria that it targets, with the surviving bacteria developing resistance to that antibiotic and often others at the same time.
MDR-TB is treatable and curable only with the use of very specific anti-TB drugs, which are often limited or not readily available. In 2012, around 450,000 people developed MDR-TB.

most at risk of developing active tuberculosis.
HIV suppresses the immune system, making it harder for the body to control TB bacteria. People who are infected with both HIV and TB are around 20-30% more likely to develop active TB than those who do not have HIV.
Tobacco use has also been found to increase the risk of developing active TB. Over 20% of TB cases worldwide are related to smoking.

active TB include the following:
Coughing, sometimes with mucus or blood
Chills
Fatigue
Fever
Loss of weight
Loss of appetite
Night sweats.

of the body. When TB occurs outside of the lungs, the symptoms can vary accordingly.

TB infecting the bones can lead to spinal pain and joint destruction
TB infecting the brain can cause meningitis
TB infecting the liver and kidneys can impair their waste filtration functions and lead to blood in the urine
TB infecting the heart can impair the heart's ability to pump blood, resulting in a condition called cardiac tamponade that can be fatal.

Without treatment, TB can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream:

a small injection of PPD tuberculin, an extract of the TB bacterium, is made just below the inside forearm.

Diagnosis of tuberculosis

has been known to give incorrect positive and negative readings.

However, there are other tests that are available to diagnose TB. Blood tests, chest X-rays and sputum tests can all be used to test for the presence of TB bacteria, and may be used alongside a skin test.

depends on a person's age, overall health, potential resistance to drugs, whether the TB is latent or active, and the location of infection (i.e. the lungs, brain, kidneys).

of TB antibiotics, whereas people with active TB (particularly MDR-TB) will often require a prescription of multiple drugs.

Antibiotics are usually required to be taken for a relatively long time. The standard length of time for a course of TB antibiotics is about 6 months.

although side effects are uncommon, when they do occur, they can be quite serious. Potential side effects should be reported to a health care provider and include:


Dark urine
Fever
Jaundice
Loss of appetite
Nausea and vomiting

to prevent the spread of active TB. Avoiding other people by not going to school or work, or sleeping in the same room as someone, will help to minimize the risk of germs from reaching anyone else. Wearing a mask, covering the mouth and ventilating rooms can also limit the spread of bacteria.

Challenges ahead in tuberculosis control. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2 (5): 270-272.
Jordao, Luisa and Vieira, V Otilia. “Tuberculosis: New Aspects of an Old Disease.” International Journal of Cell Biology, 1.1 (2012): 1-13.
Shah, Najal A. “Worldwide Emergence of Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis,” Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13.3 (2007): 380–387. Print.
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