Презентация, доклад к уроку Eilean Donan Castle

phrase leads to awe of all fans of the movie "Highlander".

Castle Eileen Donan (Eilean Donan Castle), which became the scenery for the filming of the picture, boasts a richer - sixteen - century-history. Eileen Donan castle is one of Scotland's most famous and most photographed castles. It is located on a rocky island in the Lough Duke fjord near the village of Dornie (Dornie). The architecture is typical for Scottish castles-the basis is a massive solidly fortified structure, victoriously towering over the surrounding area. Not quite a classic donjon, but you could call it that. Some locks, poorer, from one such dungeon, and consist, but in Eilean Donne there is something else. Crossing the bridge, you run into a low strange-looking tower. The tower was built later than the main part of the castle, in the 16th century, and was designed to cover the approach to the donjon and strengthen the walls. Bridge, however, initially not was, presumably, was Ford. Whatever it was, the calculation was that the enemy was forced to either move the route provided for him, in the end being in the funnel of the yard, under crossfire from the donjon and from the walls, or to spend energy and health to storm this additional tower, the capture of which in tactical terms still did not give anything. In General, the clever goal was that to get close directly to the donjon and start his assault became possible only after a series of very unpleasant adventures.

actually recreated from the ruins according to ancient plans less than a hundred years ago. The product of the incredible feat of determination and devotion of the clan Macri and personally Lieutenant Colonel John Macri – Gilstrap. I would like to think that the project paid off – Eileen Donan is considered one of the most photographed, and therefore visited castles in the world, there are many films filmed and held many ceremonies.

in the haze of centuries. During the excavations, fragments of the settlement of the Picts were found. The name of the castle translates as Donan Island. The island – clear, and the Holy Donan was one of the main disseminators of Christianity in the North of Scotland. In some sources Donan is called Bishop. On the island, where now castle, was something like the monastery. All sources claim that the castle Of Eileen Donan was built by king Alexander II as a stronghold for the fight against the Vikings in 1220. There is, of course, a question: what Vikings in the 13th century? A gang of sea robbers or a regular army of the Christian king Haakon? It was a little more complicated. In 1150-ies from Scotland broke away a very large area, and formed the Kingdom of the Islands. In the fight against the Scottish kings, the kings of the Islands relied on the support of Norway. In 1222, Alexander II took decisive action to subdue the separatists. Here for this, and for the subsequent strengthening of influence in the region and needed a strong point. Eileen Donan was built.

vassal of Norway (voluntarily, in order to gain support against Scotland). Norway has become actively involved in the struggle of the Islands with Scotland. In 1263, the year a battle was fought at Largs, the Scots defeated the Norwegians, though without complete defeat. Wily McDougall with his army in the battle did not participate. The battle of Largs put an end to Norway's influence in the region, and the Kingdom of the Islands was annexed to Scotland.

In the battle of Largs distinguished Colin Fitzgerald, as a reward he was given Eileen Donan. Fitzgerald became a Baron Kintail and the ancestor of the clan MacKenzie. However, Fitzgerald came from an ancient and noble Irish family, was the son of Baron Desmond, and the nickname MacKenzie has already received his grandson.

Robert Bruce hid here, Kenneth MacKenzie (grandson), from the British, until he gained strength and became the real king of Scotland. Kenneth MacKenzie was at the battle of Bannockburn. So, MacKenzie had a great service to the Royal house.

and the descendants of kings had lost political weight, dreams of restoring its former power had been cherished for centuries. Eileen Donan is in a territory where a riot, provocation, or Holy war for the restoration of justice can occur at any time. In 1530 Donald Gorm MacDonald assembled the troops and raised a rebellion. Whether he hoped to return the crown of ancestors lost 260 years ago, or to restore the power of the collapsed Principality 40 years ago, or just to earn something, it is difficult to say. The rebellion raged for nine years, until in 1539 MacDonald did not dare to storm Eilean Donan, an Outpost of the government forces. The garrison of the castle was not numerous. Commandant of the castle, John Dubh Matthewson was mortally wounded at the beginning of the battle, it was clear that the garrison did not last long. Led the defense of a young warrior Duncan Makri. Soon Duncan was left with one arrow, he waited for the right moment, shot and hit the leg of Donald Gorm. Impatient Donald pulled the arrow, damaging the artery, and died of blood loss. The warriors of the Islands, having lost their leader, stopped the assault. Thus, the claims of the descendants of the kings of the Islands were given up. Duncan Macri became the commandant of the castle, and henceforth this position was occupied by his descendants. Macri, as well as MacKenzie clan, originating in Ireland, there still preserved its branches. But if the McKenzie barons, and later counts, then makry – soldiers or knights. If we consider that the Makri received from MacKenzie land for service, it is the relationship of the señor and the vassal. In 1623, MacKenzie became Earl of Sefort, owned a large area and several castles, But Eileen Donan was the coolest and most important. And Makri were the commandants of the castle and sort of like the heads of personal protection. During the Jacobite rebellion, the mackenzies were on the side of the rightful heir. The head of the clan MacKenzie had an impressive army of 3,000 soldiers. He participated on the side of the Jacobites in the battles of the Sheriff and Glenshire. By the way, with George Keith, the owner of the castle of Dunnottar.

planted in the highlands of Scotland. Apparently, Eileen Donan was used as a supply base, there were gunpowder and weapons depots and a small (46 soldiers) Spanish garrison. In 1719, the British (Hanoverians) managed to somehow enter into the Loch Duke three frigates of the Royal Navy, which conducted the bombing of Eileen Donan. The Spanish garrison was captured, the captured warehouses. But this government forces were not satisfied: granaries with grain were burned, and the Eileen Donan blown up. For all the exploits of William MacKenzie, 5th Earl of Sefort was, as usual, deprived of title and possessions and emigrated to France. However, the remaining on the farm Macri continued to collect rent for the land and sent the money to the former count on the continent. The state commissioners, who were trying to get taxes from the County of Sefort, could not achieve anything because of the remoteness of the region and the opposition of the Macri, who were not afraid to go even to a direct armed clash. In 1726 William MacKenzie was granted Amnesty and was able to return to Scotland. The land was returned to his son, but without the title of count. Authority MacKenzie, however, and without the title was high. The next Jacobite uprising in 1745, Kenneth MacKenzie kept the residents of Kintail from the help of the handsome Charlie, for that official London he was very grateful. His son managed to restore the title of count Sefort, but he had no sons, and the title was not passed on. The head of the Mackenzie clan was his cousin, Tom MacKenzie. Now the head of the MacKenzie clan bears the title of Earl of Cromartie, has one of its ancestors in 1703 for public services. This is the other MacKenzie line, their main castle is leod, near Inverness.

in the twentieth century, when Lieutenant Colonel John Macri - Gilstrap restored the castle according to the old plans stored in Edinburgh. After twenty years of hard work, in 1932 the castle was opened as the residence of the Macri - Gilstrap family, and later it was turned into a Museum and opened to tourists. After the construction of Eileen Donan in the 12th century Alexander II castle gradually increased in size, as long as the walls did not come close to the water. However, by the end of the 14th century the area of the castle decreased five times, probably because of the need to defend the castle fewer people. Despite this Eileen Donan is constantly being completed, for example in the 16th century to the East side of the castle was added a platform for the installation of more modern and heavy guns. The walls of the castle sometimes reached 14 m in thickness, which is why in 1719 the frigates could not destroy Eileen Donan and had to blow up from the inside. Outside the modern castle are the ruins of the original castle, you can see the stone foundations of the walls that go along the coastline of the island.

of the lake. Through the decorated gate visitors get to the stone dam, which leads to the island. At the end of the bridge is a hexagonal building. Once it was the main entrance To Eileen Donan (the bridge, built only in the XX century, was not yet).Above the descending grating there is an inscription in Gaelic "As long as there are Macri inside, the milling Machines will never remain outside". The inscription refers to the time, even before the Macri came to Kintail (Kintail), when they lived on the lands of the Millers, on the southern shore of the Bay of Beauly. It is believed that on the castle Mill was the inscription "as long as any Mill in, not to stand him out."

Inside the dungeon, the walls of which reach 4 meters in thickness, on the first floor there is an exhibition of paintings and weapons, furniture and porcelain. Here you can see the spreading branches of the genealogical tree of the clan of the Makri. On the second floor there is an exhibition of flags, shields, portraits and other trophies of the clan Makri, even here you can see a piece of hair handsome Prince Charlie (Bonnie Prince Charlie). The wooden beams of the ceiling were donated to the canadian Makri and made of pine, brought from British Columbia.

get to the castle wall. Going down from the wall down, we find ourselves in the kitchen, restored in the form that it had on the day of housewarming in 1932. Here are wax figures of the Butler, cook, maid and mistress of the house Ella Macri - Gilstrap in preparation for the gala dinner.

In addition to wax figures, the kitchen recreates the whole interior and even cooked food: boiled salmon, soup, deer meat, vegetables, jelly, ice cream and traditional Scottish dessert "trifle" (biscuit soaked in wine, filled with fruit and filled with whipped cream). Note that it was not easy to cook it all, because in the kitchen of that time there was no gas stove or electricity (more precisely, the only generator produced electricity only for lighting, not for cooking). Well at least the water supply was already! That's how times change and our food with them!

fabulous.