Презентация, доклад на тему Влияние военных конфликтов на французские заимствования в английском языке

LANGUAGE
DURING THE MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD

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Цуриков Арсений

in the English language,

as a result of various armed conflicts

and military contacts

in the previous millennium.

The Problem:

the military conflicts between the countries
in the period of the Middle English;

-prove that the consequences, which was affecting the political
climate across Europe, had great impact on the development
of the English society and the English Language.

The aim of our research work is

England during that time to understand the changes
in the English language.

2. To research the effect of the French language
on Middle English vocabulary, spelling and phonology.

3. To examine the issue of loaning military terms in English.

The purpose of the research stipulated
the arrangement and consecutive
solving of the following tasks:

English language



The scope of the work is
the investigation of the influence of French borrowings
on the English language.



The following methods were applied in the research:

1. Descriptive analysis;

2. Historical-philological analysis;

3. Comparative analysis.

was a war between Harold and William of Normandy over the successor. (Battle of Hastings) -> William of Normandy won.

William of Normandy strengthened the influence of French. Ruling classes, their servants and the bishops were Normans.

- After the Norman Conquest, England became functionally trilingual for two centuries (English, French, Latin).

connection with France

Henry III employed French nobles->national feelings against French

- Hundred Years War (1337-1453)-> national feelings against the use of French

- Black Death -> working class could become higher class -> language change

are considered to be a way of denoting new phenomenon and expressions, which had no equivalent in the target language until that moment.
Borrowing is a process, as a result of which certain elements of a language (generally, words or meaning-bearing phonemes) appear in another language.
Loanwords of another language are the result of interaction between different nations in aspects of economic, military, social and scientific relations.

aspect which is borrowed,

b)according to the degree of assimilation,

c)according to the language from which the word was borrowed.

following group : phonetic borrowings,
translation loans, semantic borrowings, morphemic borrowing.

Classification of borrowings according to the degree of assimilation.
The degree of assimilation of borrowings depends on the following factors :
a)from what group of languages the word was borrowed,
b)in what way the word is borrowed :orally or in the written form,
c)how often the borrowing is used in the language,
d)how long the word lives in the language.

Classification of Borrowings according to the to the language from which they were borrowed.

Accordingly borrowings are subdivided into :
completely assimilated ,partly assimilated and non-assimilated(barbarisms).

words e.g. government, administer, castle, attorney, court, jury

-Since 1250. Upper classes returned to the use of English Parisian French: standard dialect in France

-Later: 1300-1500 (Central French). Fashion, art, architecture related words, (a wider variety) e.g. jewel, broach, sculpture, cathedral

from the English alphabet, e.g. æfter, æsc, græ

- was introduced replacing the letters <þ> and <δ>.

- replaces , e.g.OE cwen -> ME queen

-<ċ> for /t∫/ -> e.g. OE ċild -> ME child

-OE for /∫/ -> or , e.g. sċield and sċeap -> shield and sheep

- -> , e.g. what

separate phonemes.

-words with initial were pronounced with/without /h/ in Middle English. In the development of Vulgar Latin from Latin, the initial was dropped in pronunciation -> loan words taken from French have no , e.g. honor, honest, hour and heir; words of Germanic origin, e.g. hair, house, have an initial -> we can see whether a word was borrowed from French/Latin

- has the pronunciation [s]

adjectives. e.g. attorney general, court martial, fee simple, heir male, letters patent, proof positive


5. Affixation

-English words have French affixes and English suffixes were also added to French loan words.

-Prefixes: con-, de-, dis-, ex-, pre-, en-, pro-, trans-

-Suffixes: -ee , -ance, -ant, ation , -ment, -ism, -ity, -able

French military terms includes
“army”- (from Old French “armee”),
words denoting
- the branch of forces: such as “infantry” (from Middle French infanterie”), “cavalry” (from Middle French “cavalerie”), “artillery” (from Old French “artillerie”;
- military formations ( including “formation” from Old French “formacion”), “squad” (from Middle French “escouade”), “platoon” (from Middle French “plauton”), “company” (from Old French “compaignie”), “squadron” (from Middle French “escadron”), “battalion” (from Middle French “bataillon”), “regiment” (from Middle French “regement);
-English military ranks, such as “corporal” (from Middle French “caporal”), “sergeant” (from Old French “sergeant”), “lieutenant” (from Middle French “lieutenant”), “captain” (from Middle French “capitaine”), “major” (from Middle French “major”), “lieutenant colonel” (from French “lieutenant colonel”), “colonel” (from Middle French “coronel”), “lieutenant general” (from Middle French “lieutenant-general”) and “general” (from Old French “general”).

armes (plural) "weapons of a warrior,“
from Old French armes (plural), "arms, war, warfare," mid-13c.,
from Latin arma "weapons" (including armor), literally "tools
, implements (of war),“ from PIE root *ar- "fit, join.
The notion seems to be "that which is fitted together.
" Meaning "heraldic insignia" (in coat of arms, etc.) is early 14c.;
originally they were borne on shields of fully armed knights or barons.

Artillery -late 14c., "warlike munitions," from Anglo-French artillerie, Old French artillerie (14c.),
from artillier "to provide with engines of war" (13c.), which probably is from Medieval Latin articulum
"art, skill," diminutive of Latin ars (genitive artis) "art." But some would connect it with Latin articulum
"joint," and still others with Old French atillier "to equip," altered by influence of arte.
Sense of "engines for discharging missiles" (catapults, slings, bows, etc.) is from late 15c.; that of
"ordnance, large guns" is from 1530s.

son or brother," from French cadet "military student officer,
" noun use of adjective, "younger" (15c.), from Gascon capdet "captain, chief, youth of a
noble family," from Late Latin capitellum, literally "little chief," hence, "inferior head of a family,
" diminutive of Latin caput "head”. "The eldest son being regarded as the first head of the famil
y, the second son the cadet, or little head" [Kitchin]. Apparently younger sons from Gasconnoble
families were sent to French court to serve as officers, which gave
the word its military meaning. In English, the meaning "gentleman entering the military as
a profession" is from 1650s, and that of "student at a military college" is from 1775.

a dynamic linguistic phenomenon,
occupying a leading position in the
Changing of English military terms
during the whole last millennium.
Furthermore, we see that conflicts
and military actions, for the part,
provide “propitious” conditions
for intensive foreign language
borrowings.