Презентация, доклад по литературе Англии Викторианский период. Особенности развития английского общества

in literature
The new literary trend and its characteristic features
Contribution of the critical realists to world literature

the reign of Queen Victoria 1837-1901

century
The Industrial Revolution gathered force as the age progressed and worked profound changes in both economic and the social life
Quite villages, sailing vessels, and hand-looms gave way, with a hundred years, to factory towns, railroads, and steamships

increased wealth
England became the richest country at the 19th century.
English capitalism

Cons

An age of profound social unrest
Too much poverty, too much injustice, ugliness
Fierce exploitation of man by man
Dirty factories, inhumanly long working hours, child labour, low wages
Frequent unemployment, slums, debts prisons (all above among poor people)

rapidly expanding. Queen Victoria was named Empress of India
The Victorian era is also thought to be a time of rigid morals and repressed sexuality. Reading became a new past time because some theatre was regarded as “immoral”
Homosexual behavior was regarded as a criminal offense and several writers like Oscar Wilde were sentenced to hard labor for engaging in “homosexual activities”

of the middle class by placing political power in its hands
In 1829 the Catholic Emancipation Act had been passed
In 1833 slavery was abolished
In 1846 free trade became a national policy
In 1845 Jews were made eligible for public office
In 1872 the institution of voting by ballot was inaugurated

at diff.genres (articles, short stories, songs,epigrams,poems)
Poem – a leading genre
Used the motifs of folk poetry and dealt with the burning problems of life
Struggle of the workers for the rights
Ruthless exploitation, miserable fate of the poor
Earnest Jones wrote in The Song of the Lower class:

plow and sow, we’re so very, very low,
That we delve in the dirty clay;
Till we bless the plain with the golden grain,
And the vale with the fragrant hay.
Our place we know, we’re so very, very low,
’Tis down at the landlord’s feet;
We’re not too low the grain to grow,
But too low the bread to eat.

came to question and criticize and became hostile to the dominant assumptions of the age.
The character of scientific discovery was seriously disturbing the 19C minds.
the publication of The Principles of Geology (1830-3) by Charles Lyell and later On the Origin of Species (1859) and The Descent of Man (1871) by Charles Darwin.

the Victorian age, and the 19th century is often regarded as the high point of British literature
Famous Victorian writers include: the Bronte sisters, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, Oscar Wilde and Lewis Carroll
The Victorian novel was a principal form of entertainment.

of characters, with the idealized notion that hard work, perseverance (настойчивость), love and luck win out in the end
THEMES: It follows the belief that virtue is rewarded and wrongdoers are punished (struggle between good and evil)
There is usually a central moral lesson
Most were concerned with people in society and with manners, morals and money.
PLOT: Typically a protagonist struggles to find him or herself in relation with other men and women, in love or marriage, with family or neighbors, or with work associates.
SETTING: Most novels were set in 19th century England, a world that would be recognizable to the reader.

is lived; identified social problems: Charles Dickens,Charlotte Brontë, & Emily Brontë (representatives)

Psychological realism – focused on inner realities of the mind: George Eliot’s “Silas Marner”.

Naturalism – views nature and society as forces indifferent to human suffering. E.g. Thomas Hardy.

The Pickwick Papers, which became very successful
He wanted to write entertaining pieces but his real goal was to offer commentary on the social challenges of the era, including the plight of the poor and the oppressed
Like many writers his work started as more lighthearted, but near the end of the century it took a turn toward darker themes

laws were enacted (вступили в силу) which ended child labor, and began required education, more children were able to read
Several authors wrote for children, and had an adult following as well, including Lewis Carrol (Alice in Wonderland)

characters were larger than life, like Sherlock Holmes, and had exotic enemies to defeat
Other Gothic characters include Dracula and The Invisible Man
Combines romance and horror in an attempt to thrill and terrify and the reader

are set in castles, monasteries or cemeteries

a taste for the mysterious and macabre (мрачный, отн.к смерти)
Nature parallels action and experience
Horror, death, and gruesome (отвратительный) or supernatural events dominate
Character motivations are often dark

be locked in a red room where a relative had previously died. She later sees the ghost.
Some characters hold frightening and dark secrets, contributing to the atmosphere of mystery.
Two terrible and destructive fires occur.
We eventually discover the fact that a menacing and insane woman has been in the home of Jane’s employer (and love interest) for most of the plot.
One character, Rochester, receives disfiguring injuries.

modernist poets of the 20th Century
Several important poets include Elizabeth Barrett Browning and her husband, Robert Browning, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Matthew Arnold and Gerard Manley Hopkins
Features a resurgence (возрождение) of Medieval interests blended with contemporary concerns (Idylls of the King)

tried to describe and classify the natural world
Charles Darwin On the Origin of the Species about the theory of evolution. Although it took a long time to be accepted, it dramatically affected society and thought.

(background, chartism, literary trends). Volume II.