Презентация, доклад по литературе Англии Сонеты У.Шекспира. Тематика сонетов. Посвящения темной даме и молодому человеку.

authors to write sequences of sonnets. Some sonnet sequences contained autobiography in varying degrees. For this reason, scholars have tried to learn about Shakespeare's life from his sonnets. But they have reached no general agreement on autobiographical information that the poems might contain.

to a young nobleman and that the next 26 concentrate on a woman. But they have not been able to identify either person.
Many scholars believe that Shakespeare had a passionate but somewhat reluctant love affair with the woman. Because these sonnets describe the woman as a brunette, she has become known as the “dark lady” of the sonnets. Sonnets 153 and 154 unrelated to the others, and some scholars doubt that Shakespeare wrote them.

of fourteen lines, following one or another of several set rhyme-schemes. 
The word sonnet is derived from the Italian word “sonetto”. It means a small or little song or lyric. In poetry, a sonnet has 14 fourteen lines and is written in iambic pentameter. Each line has 10 syllables

called because the poems make it clear that she has black hair and dun coloured skin. As with the Fair Youth, there have been many attempts to identify her with a real historical individual.
Mary Fitton (image) and others have been suggested. distinguishes itself from the Fair Youth sequence by being overtly sexual in its passion. The Dark

what conscience is, Yet who knows not conscience is born of love? Then, gentle cheater, urge not my amiss, Lest guilty of my faults thy sweet self prove. For, thou betraying me, I do betray My nobler part to my gross body’s treason: My soul doth tell my body that he may Triumph in love; flesh stays no farther reason; But rising at thy name doth point out thee As his triumphant prize. Proud of this pride,
He is contented thy poor drudge to be, To stand in thy affairs, fall by thy side. No want of conscience hold it that I call Her ‘love’ for whose dear love I rise and fall.

controls his actions and thoughts. Resignedly he admits to the woman, "For, thou betraying me, I do betray / My nobler part [his soul] to my gross body's treason." Bawdily, the poet degrades the relationship to a physical level ". . . flesh stays no farther reason, / But, rising at thy name, does point out thee / As his triumphant prize." The phrase "To stand in thy affairs" suggests love penetration, and the sonnet ends with yet another image of the poet's inspiration: "Her 'love' for whose dear love I rise and fall."

rhyme scheme. Its defining feature is the final rhyming couplet, which sets it apart from other forms of sonnet.

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines and often is his gold complexion dimmed; And every fair from fair sometimes declines, By chance or nature's changing course untrimmed; But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st; Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st: So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

A
B
A
B
CD
CD
EF
EF
GG

Shakespeare is famous for writing a type of poem called a sonnet. These fourteen-line poems originated in Italy and were introduced to England during the sixteenth century.

Sonnets are associated with love and were usually written in praise of an unattainable object of the poet’s affection.

A collection of 154 sonnets was published under Shakespeare’s name in 1609. They seem to express love for two people; one is a young man, the other a woman known as the “dark lady”.

This means that each line of verse is made up of five iambs.

An iamb is a two-syllable unit, consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. This forms a “di-dum” sound that has been said to imitate the sound of a heartbeat.

The pattern of stresses

The stress pattern of iambic pentameter can be seen in this extract from Romeo and Juliet. The stressed syllables have been underlined.

If I profane with my unworthiest hand This holy shrine, the gentle fine is this: My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss.

Because iambic pentameter mimics the heart beat, the pattern is often strongest when Shakespeare is writing about love.

For example, in this extract Romeo is meeting Juliet for the first time and falling in love with her. This is why the iambic pentameter rhythm is particularly noticeable here.

Shakespeare’s language

2,000 words that are still used in the English language today. He did this by combining existing words and sounds to create neologisms.

“Vanish into thin air”, “love is blind” and “a laughing stock” are just three examples of phrases that were invented by Shakespeare and are still used today.

The use of neologisms helped to make Shakespeare’s writing surprising and unusual. He was able to devise creative insults and witty banter.

Shakespeare also used a variety of poetic techniques, such as imagery, to express complicated emotions or ideas. Similes or metaphors were often used, along with alliteration and assonance.

Shakespeare mini-glossary

Some common words found in Shakespeare:

anon soon
art are
betwixt between
ere before gramercy thank you
hast have
hath has
prithee please
sirrah sir thee you (informal)
thou you (formal)
thy your (informal) thine your (formal) ‘tis it is
‘twas it was
ye you

Shakespeare’s language

many sonnets did Shakespeare write?
Who did he devote his sonnets to?
What can you say about the rhythm and the rhyme of the sonnets?
What is an iambic pentameter? How many words did Shakespeare create?