Презентация, доклад по английскому языку The verb: the category of mood

category of mood. Mood and Modality.
The number of moods in English. The traditional approach to the problem, the binary approach, the approach from meaning to form.
The Indicative mood. Its boundaries. Means of expression.
The Subjunctive mood. Forms and meaning. A. I. Smirnitskiy’s treatment of the problem.
The Imperative mood, form and meaning. The problem of let forms.

1983
Борис Александрович Ильиш
«Строй современного английского языка»
ПРОСВЕЩЕНИЕ«ЛЕНИНГРАД 1971
Материалы из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии
Иванова И.П. «Теоретическая грамматика английского языка»
Москва 1981
Смирницкий А. И. «Морфология современного английского языка»
Москва 1955

category of mood is the most controversial category of the verb.
Professor Ilyish wrote : “the category of mood in the present English verb has given rise to so many discussions and has been treated in so many different ways that it seems hardly possible to arrive at any more or less convincing and universally acceptable conclusion concerning it”.

They are A.I. Smirnitsky, Ilyish, Barkhudarov and a number of others. The category of mood expresses the character of connection between the process denoted by the verb and the actual reality, either presenting the process as a fact that really happened, happens or will happen, or treating it as an imaginary phenomenon.

reality as a stated by the speaker”.

what is being said.

expressed also by lexical means (modal verbs (may, can, must, etc.) and modal words (perhaps, probably, etc.)) and intonation (melody).
Mood modality is based on the opposition: reality – unreality.

problem, the binary approach, the approach from meaning to form.
The forms of the moods serve the needs of the speaker to present the action as real, unreal (contradicting the state of things in reality) or hypothetical.
The category of mood presents the interpretation of the action by the speaker from the point of view of its relation to reality.
Scholars differ greatly in the understanding of this category, its scope and, consequently, in the number of grammatical forms of the mood they find in English. This number- varies from two (in Barkhudarov's interpretation) to sixteeen (in Deutchbein's interpretation).

in style and usage.
Professor Barkhudarov finds only 2 moods: Imperative and Indicative, the latter may express unreality by the shifting of tenses or context. He puts Subjunctive I as Imperative on the ground that they both are similar in form and meaning.
E.g. I suggest that he go there. Go there!

is no morphological system of moods at all and various mood meanings are expressed syntactically and by lexico-semantic means.
The mood forms are often homonymous and synonymous and their meanings often depend on the context. E.g. I wish he would go. He would go if you went. He said he would go. Various oblique mood meanings are connected with syntax rather than with morphology and one and the same meaning may be expressed by different forms: If he came. If he had come. Should he come.

It is a traditional division

Indicative expressing real facts.
Imperative expressing command, order, request.
Subjunctive expressing something desirable, problematic, unreal etc

classification system of moods presented by Smirnitsky.
It appears to be the most consistent because it is meaning-oriented and it also takes into consideration the difference between an analytical form and a free syntactic combination.

I,
Subjunctive II,
the Conditional Mood
the Suppositional mood

project on time.»
(The speaker thinks it's a fact.)

point of view. It is the most frequently used type of mood and it has the greatest number of forms. The forms of the Indicative mood are used in two communicative types of sentences: declarative and interrogative.

the verb.
Semantically it’s a fact mood.
It serves to present an action as a fact of reality. It’s the most objective of all the moods. It conveys minimum personal attitude to the fact: Ex. Water consists of oxygen.

verb forms that we use to state facts. Examples:
"Joe plays outside." (The speaker thinks it's a fact.)
"It will rain soon." (The speaker thinks it's a fact.)
"She was studying all day long." (The speaker thinks it's a fact.)
The indicative mood is the basic mood of verbs in English.

all the tenses in active and passive.
H. Sweet calls it a fact mood. Its modal meaning is reality and it may be considered as expressing zero modality.

of the problem.

"I wish I had some cheese..."
(It is not a fact yet. It is a possibility in the speaker's mind.)

is a possibility in the speaker's mind.) (Incorrect: "It will snow tomorrow.")
"I would do it if I had the time." (It is not a fact. It depends on me having the time.)
"You should listen to your parents." (It is not a fact. It is a suggestion.)
I suggest that Robert wait a few minutes. (It is not a fact. It is a suggestion.) (Incorrect: "I suggest that Robert waits a few minutes.")
It's important that Sandra leave on time. (It is not a fact. It is what needs to be done.) (Incorrect: "It's important that Sandra leaves on time.")

fact that Mary will forget the birthday. The speakers has  doubts about it.)
"Father insisted that Jeniffer go to school." (It is not a fact that Jeniffer will go to school. It is father's intention.) (Incorrect: "Father insisted that Jeniffer goes to school.")
If he had worked harder, he would have completed the task on time. (He didn't work harder, so he didn't complete the task on time.)
"I wish I were faster." (I am not faster. This is a wish in my mind.) (Incorrect: "I wish I was faster.")
"If I were you, I would accept the offer." (I am not you. This is an unreal condition in my mind.) (Incorrect: "If I was you, I will accept the offer.")
"I wish it were summer now." (It is not summer now. This is a wish in my mind.) (Incorrect: "I wish it is summer now.")
"She suggests that Michael move to the sales department." (Incorrect: "She suggests that Michael moves to the sales department.")
All these sentences were examples of the use of the subjunctive mood.

meaning oriented. His system includes 6 Moods: Real___________Hypothetical_______________Unreal_____ (Indicative) (Imperative,subj1,Suppos) (Subj2,Condition)

I wish you were here. Professor Smirnitsky distinguishes 4 oblique moods: Subjunctive I, Subjunctive II, the Conditional and the Suppositional. Each of them differs in modal meaning and in form.

reality. E.g. He gave orders that we be present. 2) Subjunctive II expresses synthetically and analytically an unreal action.
E.g. I wish you were not late. 3) The Conditional mood expresses analytically depended unreality: the realization of the action depends on some condition, which may not be expressed.
E.g. It would be good to be here. 4) The Suppositional mood expresses analytically a problematic action, not contradicting reality. The realization of the action may depend on certain circumstances.
E.g. Should you meet him, tell him to come The Suppositional and Subjunctive I almost coincide in meaning but differ in style and usage.

comparison of such sentences as

"If he turns up tell him to -wait for me" and
"Should he turn up tell him to wait for me"

shows that both the verbal forms present the action as hypothetical but differ in the degree of certainty which is higher in the case of Present Indefinite Indicative.

forms.

"Get plenty of rest!"
(This is a command.)

which means that the speaker considers the action as desirable. The use of the Imperative mood is restricted to only one communicative type of sentences - imperative sentences.

verb forms that we use to express orders, instructions, commands or requests. Examples:
"Go outside!" (This is a command.)
"Close the door, please." (This is a request.)
"Don't move the object." (This is an instruction.)

Has no person, number, tense, aspect, it’s limited to one type of sentence only
– Usually a verb in the imperative sentences has no pronoun, but may be used in emotional speech. – eq. You leave me alone!
The Imperative mood expresses a command or a request to perform an action addressed to smbody, but not the action itself. As it doesn’t actually denote a specific action it has no tense category; the action always refers to the future.
Aspect distinctions and voice distinctions aren’t characteristic of the imp.mood, although forms such as eq. be writing, be warned sometimes occur.
The Imperative mood form coincides with the plain stem of the verb, for example – Come here! Sit down.

Eq Don’t be a fool. Don’t worry.
Emphatic requests\commands: eq. Do come and stay with us. Do be quiet.
commands and requests addressed to a second person
The imperative mood is used only in imperative sentences and can’t be used in questions.

CLASSED UNDER MODAL CATEGORIES
We must mention first the group
let me go,
let us go,
let him (them) go
the patterns "let + personal pronoun (in the objective case) or noun (in the common case) + infinitive' which may be used to denote

the speaker himself) to commit an action, or
(2) an appeal to the 1st person plural, that is to one or more interlocutors to commit an action together with the speaker, or
(3) an appeal to the 3rd person (singular or plural) to commit some action.

cannot be recognised as analytical forms of the imperative.
This question must be answered in the negative for the following reasons.
The noun or pronoun following the verb let stands in an object relation to this verb. This is especially clear with personal pronouns, which are bound to appear in the objective case form:
Let me go (not I),
let him go (not he),
If we were to say that the formation "let + personal pronoun + infinitive" is a form of the imperative, we should have to accept the conclusion that the subject is expressed by a pronoun in the objective case (the nominative being impossible here), which is obviously unacceptable, as it would run counter to all the principles of English syntactic structure.
This formation is therefore not an analytical form of the imperative mood, and the verb let not an auxiliary of that mood (or, indeed, of any other grammatical category).

him go are therefore not in any way morphological phenomena. They belong to syntax. The imperative mood is represented by 2nd person forms only.