Презентация, доклад по английскому языку на тему Артикль

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The Indefinite article A/ANA is used before a noun beginning with a consonant soundEx.: a uniform, a yoghurtAn is used before a noun beginning with a vowel soundEx.: an umbrella, an owl

Слайд 1 Article determination

The Indefinite article A/AN
The definite article THE
The Zero Article

Article determinationThe Indefinite article A/ANThe definite article THEThe Zero Article

Слайд 2The Indefinite article A/AN
A is used before a noun beginning with

a consonant sound
Ex.: a uniform, a yoghurt

An is used before a noun beginning with a vowel sound
Ex.: an umbrella, an owl

The Indefinite article A/ANA is used before a noun beginning with a consonant soundEx.: a uniform, a

Слайд 3The Indefinite article A/AN
Functions
Classifying
Nominating
First – mention
Numerical
Generic

The Indefinite article A/ANFunctionsClassifyingNominatingFirst – mentionNumericalGeneric

Слайд 4The Indefinite article A/AN
The Indefinite article in the Classifying function is

used to show that the speaker is characterizing a person, object or event only as a specimen of a certain class of things.

The Indefinite article A/ANThe Indefinite article in the Classifying function is used to show that the speaker

Слайд 5The Indefinite article A/AN
The classifying indefinite article is mostly found with

predicative, appositive nouns and adverbial phrases:
Ex.: I’m a teacher. – a predicative
Ex.: He owes his curious name to his father, a well-read man. – an apposition
Ex.: She looked like a boy. – an adverbial phrase
The Indefinite article A/ANThe classifying indefinite article is mostly found with predicative, appositive nouns and adverbial phrases:Ex.:

Слайд 6The Indefinite article A/AN
The Indefinite article in the Nominating function is

used when the speaker wants to name an object or to state what kind of object is meant.
Ex.: He struck a match and lit a cigarette. - objects
The Indefinite article A/ANThe Indefinite article in the Nominating function is used when the speaker wants to

Слайд 7The Indefinite article A/AN
The indefinite article is used to name an

object which is usually new to the hearer. This is the first-mention function of the indefinite article. It serves to introduce some new information.
Ex.: One morning a man was sitting on the bench near the house.
The Indefinite article A/ANThe indefinite article is used to name an object which is usually new to

Слайд 8The Indefinite article A/AN
The indefinite article in the numerical function is

generally found:
With nouns denoting time, measure and weight
Ex.: for a minute or two
b. With the numerals hundred, thousand, million, dozen and score
Ex.: I’ve told you a hundred times


The Indefinite article A/ANThe indefinite article in the numerical function is generally found:With nouns denoting time, measure

Слайд 9The Indefinite article A/AN
The indefinite article in the numerical function is

generally found:
c. After the negative not
Ex.: not a word, not a trace
d. In some set phrases
Ex.: at a time, at a gulp, at a draught
e. Between two noun groups in expressions denoting prices, salaries, speed etc.
Ex.: 90 pounds a week, 12 hours a day

The Indefinite article A/ANThe indefinite article in the numerical function is generally found:c. After the negative notEx.:

Слайд 10The Indefinite article A/AN
The Indefinite article in the Generic function expresses

a generalization: what is said about one specimen of a class can be applied to all the specimens of the class. The meaning here is close to every/any.
Ex.: A tiger is a wild animal.
The Indefinite article A/ANThe Indefinite article in the Generic function expresses a generalization: what is said about

Слайд 11The Definite article The
The graphic form is identical the, which is

pronounced differently:
Before a vowel sound [ðı]
Ex.: the actor
Before a consonant sound [ðƏ]
Ex.: the cat
The Definite article TheThe graphic form is identical the, which is pronounced differently: Before a vowel sound

Слайд 12The Definite article The
Functions

Specific
Unique
Generic

The Definite article TheFunctionsSpecificUniqueGeneric

Слайд 13The Definite article The
The definite article in the specific function shows

that the speaker is referring to a particular example.
Ex.: There is someone at the door.
The house was a bare three minutes from the station.

The Definite article TheThe definite article in the specific function shows that the speaker is referring to

Слайд 14The Definite article The
The definite article in the specific function:
With the

adjectives in the superlative degree
Ex.: She was the most active of us.

The Definite article TheThe definite article in the specific function:With the adjectives in the superlative degreeEx.: She

Слайд 15The Definite article The
But
Most in combination with an adjective can have

the same meaning as very, exceedingly and is used with the indefinite article
Ex.: A most clever man


The Definite article TheButMost in combination with an adjective can have the same meaning as very, exceedingly

Слайд 16The Definite article The
The definite article in the specific function:
With the

ordinal numerals
Ex.: You should say the first romance of your life.
BUT in the meaning one more or another
Ex.: Two people would have to hold the chair and a third would help him up on it.
The Definite article TheThe definite article in the specific function:With the ordinal numeralsEx.: You should say the

Слайд 17The Definite article The
With the cardinal numerals
Usually no article
Ex.: There were

four of us.
The definite article is determined by the context
Ex.: Emily looked at Vera. The two women rose.
The Definite article TheWith the cardinal numeralsUsually no articleEx.: There were four of us.The definite article is

Слайд 18The Definite article The
Note the difference

the second chapter/ chapter two

The Definite article TheNote the differencethe second chapter/ chapter two

Слайд 19The Definite article The
The definite article in the specific function:
With the

limiting adjectives and the identifying pronoun same
Ex.: the main reason, the only occasion, the same student, the right way, the very person ant etc.

The Definite article TheThe definite article in the specific function:With the limiting adjectives and the identifying pronoun

Слайд 20The Definite article The
Note An only child is to be regarded

as a set phrase

Ex.: I’m an only child in the family.
The Definite article TheNote An only child is to be regarded as a set phraseEx.: I’m an

Слайд 21The Definite article The
Prepositional phrases as limiting attributes
Ex.: I despise you

from the bottom of my heart.
Prepositional phrases without limiting meaning are used with the indefinite article usually denote: material (a ring of gold); content (a cup of tea); quality and measure (a distance of two miles); composition (a group of boys; a man of forty)

The Definite article ThePrepositional phrases as limiting attributesEx.: I despise you from the bottom of my heart.Prepositional

Слайд 22The Definite article The
The definite article in the unique function shows

the uniqueness of an object or event. The group of nouns with unique reference is rather limited:
the sun, the moon, the stars, the sky, the earth, the world, the Universe, the planets, the equator, the north pole, the weather, the devil, the pope and etc.

The Definite article TheThe definite article in the unique function shows the uniqueness of an object or

Слайд 23The Definite article The
The definite article in the generic function shows

the reference to a whole class of referents; it is used to denote a genus taken as a whole, or a thing taken as a type.
Ex.: The cuckoo is a lazy bird.
The old could not help the young.
The Definite article TheThe definite article in the generic function shows the reference to a whole class

Слайд 24The Zero Article
With the nouns in plural
Ex.: Horses are domestic

animals.
Before the uncountable nouns
Ex.: I like milk.
Before Proper names
Ex.: Mary is my friend.
Washington is the capital of the USA.
The Zero Article With the nouns in pluralEx.: Horses are domestic animals.Before the uncountable nounsEx.: I like

Слайд 25The Zero Article
With the addressee
Ex.: Good morning, child!
Before the nouns denoting:

season, day time and meals
Ex.: Summer is my favourite season.
Before ranks and titles
Ex.: Mr. West, Professor Smith

The Zero ArticleWith the addresseeEx.: Good morning, child!Before the nouns denoting: season, day time and mealsEx.: Summer

Слайд 26The Zero Article
With some word-combinations
Ex.: at first, at home, at peace,

at war, at table, by chance, by heart, by name, by mistake, by means of, in time, to be in bed, to go by bus, to go to school, to go to town, to tell lies, day by day

The Zero ArticleWith some word-combinationsEx.: at first, at home, at peace, at war, at table, by chance,

Слайд 27The Use of Articles with Abstract Nouns
Abstract non-count nouns with generic

reference are used without any article.
Ex.: Knowledge is power.
It gives me great pleasure.
Abstract non-count nouns can be used with the indefinite article when they are modified by descriptive attributes
Ex.: In a wild relief he put his hands to his face.
The Use of Articles with Abstract NounsAbstract non-count nouns with generic reference are used without any article.Ex.:

Слайд 28The Use of Articles with Abstract Nouns
Abstract nouns with specific reference

are used with the definite article.
Ex.: I feel giddy. I’ll just sit here quietly till the giddiness wears off.
Some Abstract nouns are never used with the indefinite article:
Weather, money, news, work, luck, fun and etc.

The Use of Articles with Abstract NounsAbstract nouns with specific reference are used with the definite article.Ex.:

Слайд 29The Use of Articles with Abstract Nouns
The use of articles within

some syntactic structures
Ex.: It’s a shame; It’s a pleasure; What a pity!; What a relief!

The Use of Articles with Abstract NounsThe use of articles within some syntactic structuresEx.: It’s a shame;

Слайд 30Articles with Names of Seasons and Parts of the Day
Names of

seasons and parts of the day take no article when used predicatively:
Ex.: It was summer.
No article is used when such nouns are modified by: early, late, broad, high
Ex.: It was late evening.
Articles with Names of Seasons and Parts of the DayNames of seasons and parts of the day

Слайд 31Articles with Names of Seasons and Parts of the Day
Used with

the indefinite article if they are modified by a descriptive attribute
Ex.: It was a foggy evening.
In the specific use the definite article is used
Ex.: I shall not forget the evening I spent with them.

Articles with Names of Seasons and Parts of the DayUsed with the indefinite article if they are

Слайд 32Articles with Names of Seasons and Parts of the Day
Optional points

(specific/generic)
Ex.: (The) winter came early that year.
In number of some set phrases:
In the morning, in the evening, at night, at dawn, after sunset, from morning to night, through the autumn, late at night, night after night, all through the day and etc.

Articles with Names of Seasons and Parts of the DayOptional points (specific/generic)Ex.: (The) winter came early that

Слайд 33Articles with Names of Meals
Names of meals usually take no articles
Ex.:

Dinner is ready.
With the descriptive attribute the indefinite article is used
Ex.: He ordered a modest lunch.
With the limiting attribute the definite article is used
Ex.: The dinner she prepared was wonderful.

Articles with Names of MealsNames of meals usually take no articlesEx.: Dinner is ready.With the descriptive attribute

Слайд 34Articles with Names of Meals
Names of meals may denote party, tea

party and etc. the usage of article depends on the situation
Ex.: Why not give a dinner?
She began to dress for the dinner to which she had been invited.
Articles with Names of MealsNames of meals may denote party, tea party and etc. the usage of

Слайд 35Articles with the nouns: School, Prison, Church, Hospital
No article is used

when they denote the purpose they are used for
Ex.: I go to school. (to study)
The definite article is used when they denote the building
Ex.: They went to the church to repair the roof.
Articles with the nouns: School, Prison, Church, HospitalNo article is used when they denote the purpose they

Слайд 36Names of Parts of the Body
The definite article is used in

prepositional phrases associated with the object, in passive constructions, with the subject
Ex.: The woman took the boy by the hand.
The dog bit her on the leg.
The definite article is used when a touch, blow or pain is referred to
Ex.: She had a pain in the side.

Names of Parts of the BodyThe definite article is used in prepositional phrases associated with the object,

Слайд 37The Names with the Specific Periods
The definite article is used with

the names of decades, centuries, historic periods
Ex.: the bronze age, the nineteenth century
The definite article is used with past, present, future
Ex.: I think about the present and remember about the past.

The Names with the Specific PeriodsThe definite article is used with the names of decades, centuries, historic

Слайд 38The Names with the Specific Periods
No article is used with present

and future after at and in
Ex.: Try to remember it in future.

Note: In American English in the future is more common than in future
The Names with the Specific PeriodsNo article is used with present and future after at and inEx.:

Слайд 39Articles with Proper Nouns
Personal Names
Normally no article is used
Ex.: Tom grinned.
The

definite article is used:
with a family name in the plural
Ex.: The Forsytes were resentful.
With the limiting attribute
Ex.: This wasn’t the Simon he had known so long.

Articles with Proper NounsPersonal NamesNormally no article is usedEx.: Tom grinned.The definite article is used: with a

Слайд 40Articles with Proper Nouns
Personal Names
with a descriptive attribute indicating a

permanent quality
Ex.: At that moment they were interrupted by the gentle Mrs Shobbe.
In the meaning the very one
Ex.: Do you mean the Shakespeare?
Articles with Proper NounsPersonal Names with a descriptive attribute indicating a permanent qualityEx.: At that moment they

Слайд 41Articles with Proper Nouns
Personal Names
The indefinite article is used
To indicate one

member or a certain person
Ex.: His mother was a Devereux.
Articles with Proper NounsPersonal NamesThe indefinite article is usedTo indicate one member or a certain personEx.: His

Слайд 42Articles with Proper Nouns
Personal Names
Indicating concrete object or a person having

specific characteristics
Ex.: I bought a Volvo.
I’m not a Michael Angelo.
Articles with Proper NounsPersonal NamesIndicating concrete object or a person having specific characteristicsEx.: I bought a Volvo.I’m

Слайд 43Geographical Names
No article: Continents, countries, states, cities, towns
Ex.: (North) America (old)

England
The definite article with some provinces, countries
Ex.: the Argentine, The Netherlands, The USA, the Crimea, the Ruhr, the Hague
Geographical NamesNo article: Continents, countries, states, cities, townsEx.: (North) America (old) EnglandThe definite article with some provinces,

Слайд 44Geographical Names
The definite article with the of-phrase
Ex.: the England of today
The

indefinite article with a descriptive attribute
Ex.: a very cheerful England
The definite article is used with the names of rivers, oceans, seas and lakes
Ex.: The Baikal BUT Lake Baikal
Geographical NamesThe definite article with the of-phraseEx.: the England of todayThe indefinite article with a descriptive attributeEx.:

Слайд 45Geographical Names
The definite article with the names of deserts
Ex.: The Sahara
The

definite article with the chains of mountains and groups of islands
Ex.: The Urals, The West Indies
No article with one mountain and one island
Ex.: Everest, Sicily
Geographical NamesThe definite article with the names of desertsEx.: The SaharaThe definite article with the chains of

Слайд 46Geographical Names
The definite article with the of-phrase plus the Proper name
Ex.:

The Cape of Good Hope
The University of London BUT London University
Geographical NamesThe definite article with the of-phrase plus the Proper nameEx.: The Cape of Good HopeThe University

Слайд 47Calendar Items
Names of months and days of the week generally take

no article
Ex.: It was Monday.
Meaning one of many (indefinite article)
Ex.: We met on a Friday.
With a descriptive attribute (indefinite article)
Ex.: A cold May is a usual thing.
With a limiting attribute (definite article)
Ex.: He came on the Friday when Tom was born.
Calendar ItemsNames of months and days of the week generally take no articleEx.: It was Monday.Meaning one

Слайд 48Articles with Miscellaneous Proper Names
No article with the names of parks,

streets
Ex.: Central Park, Fleet Park
Exception: The Strand, The High Street, Whitehall, Downing Street
But: The Gorky Park, the Red Square
Articles with Miscellaneous Proper NamesNo article with the names of parks, streetsEx.: Central Park, Fleet ParkException: The

Слайд 49Articles with Miscellaneous Proper Names
The definite article with the names of

museums, theatres, galleries, concert halls, clubs, hotels
Ex.: the Rotary club, the Opera House, the Savoy, the Bolshoi theatre, the Tate
No article with the names of airports and railway stations
Ex.: London airport, Victoria station
Articles with Miscellaneous Proper NamesThe definite article with the names of museums, theatres, galleries, concert halls, clubs,

Слайд 50Articles with Miscellaneous Proper Names
The definite article with the names of

ships and boats
Ex.: the Titanic, the Sedov
The definite article with the names of newspapers and magazines
Ex.: the Times, the Guardian, the Language
But Punch, Newsweek
Articles with Miscellaneous Proper NamesThe definite article with the names of ships and boatsEx.: the Titanic, the

Слайд 51Articles with Miscellaneous Proper Names
The definite article with the names of

territories consisting of word combination
Ex.: the Lake District, the Yorkshire Forest
The definite article with abbreviations
Ex.: The BBC, the FBI
BUT If abbreviations are pronounced as one word no article is used
Ex.: NATO, UNESCO
Articles with Miscellaneous Proper NamesThe definite article with the names of territories consisting of word combinationEx.: the

Слайд 52Articles with Miscellaneous Proper Names
No article with the names of chains

of shops, companies
Ex.: Shell, Sony
But: The Bell Telephone Company
The definite article with the names of political and government bodies and institutions
Ex.: the house of commons
Exception: Parliament, Congress, County, Council
Articles with Miscellaneous Proper NamesNo article with the names of chains of shops, companiesEx.: Shell, SonyBut: The

Слайд 53Articles with Miscellaneous Proper Names
No article or the definite article with

the names of musical groups
Ex.: Queen, the Beatles, the Rolling Stones
The definite article with the names of sporting events
Ex.: the Olympic Games, the Cup Final
BUT: Wimbledon, Ascot and Epsom
Articles with Miscellaneous Proper NamesNo article or the definite article with the names of musical groupsEx.: Queen,

Слайд 54Articles with Miscellaneous Proper Names
No article with the names of religious

and other festivals
Ex.: Easter, Christmas, New Year’s Day, Valentine’s Day
The indefinite article is used in I wish you a happy Easter! Did you have a good Easter?
Articles with Miscellaneous Proper NamesNo article with the names of religious and other festivalsEx.: Easter, Christmas, New
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