Презентация, доклад по английскому языку на тему Шотландские замки

in Europe.
To observe the history of fortifications building in Scotland and its unique features.
To observe the Norman influence on Scottish architecture of stone defences.
To explore the role of castles in Scottish warfare and their cultural, historical and political significance.
To observe the most prominent examples of Medieval castle architecture in Scotland.
To state the features of Scottish baronial architecture.

Europe
Characteristic for feudal society and warfare
Medieval fortified private residence for nobility
Administration features and symbols of power
Many architectural forms through evolution
Declined and replaced by artillery forts and country houses

The stone keep of Cardiff Castle, Wales, late 11th century

500 brochs were built in the coastal regions of Scotland
Almost impenetrable round tower of dry stone hollow walls
Up to 40 feet with spacious living and sleeping place
Mousa Broch, Shetland, 100 BC (above)

Distribution of brochs in Scotland

occupying force from Ireland, 5th century
Angles, Teutonic-speaking invaders from across the North Sea
Viking raids on the coasts from the end of 8th century
Norman influence from the 11th century

73 miles (118 km) from coast to coast

of raised earthwork (motte) surrounded by moat
Wooden replaced later with stone tower (keep), stockaded
Bailey, a lower courtyard, with a palisade and a ditch
Administrative function with introduction of feudalism

Windsor Castle, longest occupied royal palace in Europe, built in the late 11th century with a motte and two baileys (left and right)

castles with massive stone walls
Hardly accessible position is important
Domination, defensive and offensive purpose
Symbol of power, centre of government, garrison

One of the most important of the surviving medieval massive stone castles of Scotland, built by the Stewarts at Rothesay on the Isle of Bute, Western Scotland. 13th century.

English invasion in 1296 till
The battle of Bannockburn in 1314 and
Treaty of Edinburgh-Nothampton in 1328
William Wallace & Robert the Bruce against Edward I

Castle Urquhart in a commanding position overlooking Loch Ness, built from the 13th till the 16th century on the site of an early medieval fortification. Played a role in the Wars of Scottish Independence (1296-1328, 1332-1357)

position
Between southern and northern Scotland
Strategic location downstream of the river Forth
Mary, Queen of Scots, was crowned here in 1542

Stirling Castle, one of the largest and most important in Scotland, on the summit of an extinct volcano, at the bridging point across the river Forth.
Dates from at least early 12th century. Present buildings mostly between 1490 and 1600

the reign of Malcolm III (1058-93)
Houses the Regalia (the Honours) of Scotland
Chapel of St. Margaret on the highest point
Is the oldest surviving building of the 12th century

Edinburgh Castle on the Castle Rock, royal castle from the 11th century until the Union of Crowns in 1603. By the 17th century used as military barracks with a large garrison. 135 metres above sea level.

built in 1230
On a rocky island joined by a stone bridge
At the junction of Lochs Long, Duich and Alsh
Restored and houses a war memorial

of the best surviving medieval castle in Britain
Built around 1280 to control trades, moated
Captured by Edward I in 1300
Back to Robert the Bruce in 1313

from the 16th century
Balmoral Castle, rebuilt in the 19th, neo-Gothic
The British Royal Family’s private property (1852)
Royal Deeside, Aberdeenshire, Scotland

for the UNESCO World Heritage list of sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of mankind.
Stand for savage ages in the national history and symbolise medieval feudal society and warfare.