Слайд 2Some historical facts about press in the USA
Слайд 3In the middle of the XIX century: newspapers began to cost
only 1-2 cents. These accessible publications have become not only a source of information, but also the main tool for manipulating public consciousness, turning the industry into a fourth power.
(The «fourth power» is a phrase that defines both the press itself and its influence in society. The first, second and third authorities are, respectively, legislative, executive and judicial branches of government).
Слайд 4 In the North, New York was the leading capital of
the press, newspapers from other northern states that did not have such financial resources and qualified journalistic personnel were limited to reprinting messages from leading newspapers and local news.
Слайд 5In the same period, weekly media outlets became widespread,
The foundation of
the "yellow" press became the newspapers The New York Sun, The New York Herald and The New York Tribune. Sex, scandals, crime - these are the themes of these publications.
In the 20th century, there was the very rapid development of journalism.
Detailed essays, author columns and articles in journals were designed for the elite reader - The New Yorker, New York Magazine, The Atlantic Monthly, Rolling Stone, Esquire, CoEvolution Quarterly.
Слайд 6For the media and communication, of course, the most important is
their content, without which neither the press nor the communicative function, nor the ambitious plans to turn journalism into a “fourth power”, nor the efficiency of public opinion formation and management, nor media corporations are possible. In journalism, two people play a leading role: a journalist and a reader (listener, viewer). The nature of the press, both print and electronic, depends on their interaction.
Слайд 7The division of the entire US press into “mass” and “quality”
is rather arbitrary, since any “mass” newspaper seeks to make good, high-quality materials, and any “quality” newspaper - to increase the circulation (тираж) and reach the maximum possible number of readers from the audience to which it is oriented.
Слайд 8Social orientation of the publication affects its content in the first
place. For example, the Wall Street Journal is designed for wealthy Americans and addresses the issue of "how to make money" in the broad sense of the word.
It has a very high advertising revenue. The main part of the circulation is sold by subscription; the number of copies distributed at retail is small.
Слайд 9New York Times is considered to be the most prestigious newspaper
of America.
Numerous staff of reporters and observers allows the newspaper to dispense with the publication of materials from news agencies, including on international topics, since the newspaper contains a large number of foreign correspondents.
Слайд 10The most influential and most popular magazines in the world, focused
on the tourist industry, are based and published in the USA - monthly magazines Conde Nast Traveler and Travel + Leisure.
Слайд 11As of May 23, 2008, there were 1,422 daily newspapers and
6,253 weekly newspapers in the USA.
Nowadays the popularity of daily newspapers falls from year to year, and in these conditions it is more difficult for publications to maintain editorial independence.
Слайд 12USA Today
The Wall Street Journal
The New York Times
Los Angeles Times
Chicago Tribune
The
Washington Post
Daily News
New York Post
The Denver Post
The Times Of Earth
The Dallas Morning News
Слайд 13Censorship in the USA
Although freedom of speech in the United States
is protected by the First Amendment to the US Constitution, it is limited to a number of laws and court decisions.
In general, in the USA, the law of freedom of speech is observed better than in the vast majority of countries.
Слайд 14Criticism
The document of the Press Office of the State Council of
the People’s Republic of China, “The Situation of Human Rights in the USA - 2006,” notes that in order to satisfy political interests, the US government often develops false information aimed at misleading the population of the country and those living abroad.
Слайд 15The most ancient editions
The New Hampshire Gazette - an old
newspaper, which is published in the city of Portsmouth (New Hampshire). Currently coming out every other week.
Слайд 16The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, is the largest metro newspaper serving the Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, USA.
Слайд 17The Bulletin is a daily newspaper about Eastern Connecticut, the newspaper
has been in constant publication since 1796.